更新时间:2024-05-28 12:27
过去分词(英语:past participle),是分词的一种,通常含有被动意义。
英语过去时和过去分词的后缀。某些过去分词也可以作为形容词。如:
absorb—absorbed
accredit—accredited
accustom—accustomed
affect—affected
anguished—anguished
betroth—betrothed
bewitch—bewitched
confess—confessed
concern—concerned
content—contented
enamour—enamoured
heat—heated
piss—pissed
vest—vested
也可以附在名词后构成形容词,如:
talent—talented
money—moneyed
bigot—bigoted
intention—intentioned
precedent—precedented
wretch—wretched
用于构成部分动词(尤其是以e结尾的动词)的过去时或者过去分词。某些过去分词也可以作为形容词。如:
bedraggle—bedraggled
celebrate—celebrated
cultivate—cultivated
deserve—deserved
disease—diseased
disgruntle—disgruntled
fate—fated
hear—heard
practise—practised
resolve—resolved
separate—separated
souse—soused
waste—wasted
也可以附在名词后构成形容词,如:shrew—shrewd。
还可以构成表示状态的名词,如:foe—feud。
用于构成过去时或过去分词,如:dream—dreamt。
用以构成相当于过去分词的形容词,如:cover—covert,skin—skint。
用以构成名词,相当于名词化的过去分词:restrain—restraint。
源于拉丁语过去分词的形容词也可能以-t结尾,如distinct源于拉丁语distinguere的过去分词distinctus。
用以构成过去分词,如:eat—eaten。
用以构成相当于过去分词的形容词,如:behold—beholden。以及更一般的形容词:gold—golden。
用以构成过去分词,如:know—known,rive—riven。known、riven也是形容词。
构成形容词类似于-en:silver—silvern。
来自法语过去分词结尾-é,构成名词。常表示受动者:employ—employee。
来自拉丁语某些动词的过去分词结尾-atus,与-ed同源。这些过去分词作为形容词被引入英语,因英语中很多形容词、动词同形,故又作为动词使用(如animate、separate、moderate)。化学中用-ate表示盐、酯也源于这个过去分词结尾。比如:
rustic—rusticate
附于规则动词后构成副词,表示行动或受动的状态或动作行为的方式。一般对应一个以-ed结尾的形容词,但有些不是,比如allowedly。
这是bind或者一个古挪威语动词的过去分词。附在名词后构成形容词:musclebound。
源于拉丁语形容词后缀-ivus加在过去分词结尾-atus后。如:
transform—transformative
源于拉丁语-ivus,在拉丁语中一般附在过去分词后构成形容词。于是在英语中常常出现-tive结尾的形容词。
illustrate—illustrative
源于拉丁语宾格-ionem(主格-io),附在过去分词后构成名词。于是在英语中常常出现-tion结尾的名词。
accentuate—accentuation
fluctuate—fluctuation
suppress—suppression
允许加后缀,如confessional。
源于拉丁语名词后缀-ura,附在过去分词(用如形容词)后构成名词。于是在英语中常常出现-ture结尾的名词。
构成形容词,表示“说话有……特点的”,如soft-spoken。来自speak的过去分词。
拉丁语表示施动者的后缀,附在过去分词之后。于是在英语中常常出现-tor结尾的名词。
来自拉丁语某些以-itus结尾的过去分词。构成形容词,比如:
bipartite,apposite
源于拉丁语名词后缀-ionem(宾格,主格-io)加在过去分词结尾-atus后。如:
suspire—suspiration
源于拉丁语形容词后缀-ibilis,有时附在过去分词之后。于是在英语中常常出现-tible结尾的形容词。
某些以-ible结尾的词完全变成了名词,比如foible。
有时候用在过去分词的后面。构成名词。如:
propense—propensity
propense来自拉丁语动词propendere的过去分词propensus。
表示”……结构的“”……制造的“。如well-made。
规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)一般动词加-ed (然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work——worked
visit——visited
(2)以e结尾的动词加-d。
live—lived
agree—agreed
ante—anted
但ante的过去分词有anteed的写法。
(3)以“辅音字母
study—studied
cry—cried
try—tried
fry—fried
ensky—enskied
freeze-dry—freeze-dried
但ensky的过去分词有enskyed的写法。
(4)重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“-ed”。
stop—stopped
drop—dropped
特例:有两类动词本身应该直接加“ed”,但由于历史习惯,依旧要双写最后一个字母,再加-ed。以“元音字母+l”非重读结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写“l”,再加-ed。例如cancel→cancelled,dial→dialled。另外还有一些以非重读闭音节结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。例如:kidnap→kidnapped,worship→worshipped。而上述两种情况在美国一般却直接加-ed。
(5)以c结尾的动词,加-ked。
traffic—trafficked
arc—arcked
这样做主要是为了避免变化后其原型尾音/k/变成/s/。根据英文的拼写规则,c在字母e、i、y之前均发/s/,其他情况下均发/k/。如果直接加“ed”的话,trafficed将会读成/'træfɪsɪd/,而不读/'træfɪkt/。
但arc、talc、zinc的过去分词也有不含k的arced、talced、zinced的写法。
例外:disc—disced,sync—synced。
从拼写上看,一个不规则动词和它的过去分词之间,主要有如下差别:
(1)增加新的不同的元音字母,或把原有的元音字母(或者y)换成完全不同的元音字母或:begin—begun,fight—fought。
(2)去掉结尾的e:slide—slid。
(3)删除连续的两个相同的字母中的一个:bleed—bled。
(4)加过去分词后缀:hear—heard,dream—dreamt,know—known,eat—eaten。
(5)删除辅音字母:alight—alit。
(6)换成完全不同的辅音字母或增加新的辅音字母:make—made。
下面我们基于以上四种操作来探讨不规则动词的过去分词。
这种情况不涉及任何操作,过去分词和原形拼写相同:
其中read和它的过去分词read读音不同。
i变u
begin—begun
cling—clung
dig—dug
fling—flung
sing—sung
sink—sunk
sling—slung
slink—slunk
spin—spun
spring—sprung
sting—stung
stink—stunk
swim—swum
swing—swung
i变o
win—won
i变ou
fight—fought
grind—ground
o变e
behold—beheld
hold—held
uphold—upheld
e变o
get—got
slide—slid
lead—led
bleed—bled
breed—bred
feed—fed
heat—het
meet—met
speed—sped
-n
-t
-d
-en
eat—eaten
alight—alit
light—lit
k变d
make—made
d变t
geld—gelt
gird—girt
lend—lent
send—sent
fly—flown
interweave—interwoven
lie—lain
shear—shorn
tear—torn
buy—bought
awake—awoken
sink—sunken
speak—spoken
swell—swollen
say—said
creep—crept
feel—felt
keep—kept
kneel—knelt
sleep—slept
sweep—swept
bless—blest
flee—fled
bide—bidden
bite—bitten
cleave—cleft
leave—left
reave—reft
bereave—bereft
beget—begotten
tread—trodden
bid—bidden
forget—forgotten
untread—untrodden
strike—struck
sell—sold
tell—told
unsell—unsold
beseech—besought
bring—brought
clothe—clad
misunderstand—misunderstood
stand—stood
think—thought
即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。(共10个)
过去式、过去分词相同。(共42个)
原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。(共39个)
过去式和原形相同。(1个)
beat—beat—beaten
过去分词和原形相同。(共3个)
(单个元音字母改变)
come—came—come
become—became—become
run—ran—run
(除must)
只有原形和过去式,没有过去分词。(共4个)
must 既没有过去式也没有过去分词。
be(am,is,are) (是)was,were been
begin(开始) began begun
drink(喝) drank drunk
ring(铃响) rang rung
sing (唱) sang sung
swim(游泳) swam swum
blow(吹) blew blown
draw(画) drew drawn
fly(飞) flew flown
grow(生长) grew grown
know(知道) knew known
throw(投掷) threw thrown
show(出示) showed shown
break(打破) broke broken
choose(选择) chose chosen
forget(忘记) forgot forgotten (forgot)
speak(说,讲) spoke spoken
wake(醒) woke woken
drive(驾驶) drove driven
eat(吃) ate eaten
fall(落下) fell fallen
give(给) gave given
rise(升高) rose risen
take(取) took taken
ride(骑) rode ridden
write(写) wrote written
do(做) did done
go(去) went gone
lie(平躺) lay lain
see(看见) saw seen
wear (穿) wore worn
cost(花费)cost cost
cut(割) cut cut
hit(打) hit hit
hurt(伤害) hurt hurt
let(让) let let
put(放) put put
read(读) read read
动词原形 过去式 过去分词
arise arose arisen
awake awoke/awaked awoken
be was/were been
bear bore borne(携带)/born(出生)
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten/bit
bleed bled bled
blend blended blent
bless blessed blest
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft
cling clung clung
clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crow crowed/crew crowed
cut cut cut
dare dared/durst dared
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt dwelt
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbid forbade/forbad forbidden
forecast forecast/forecasted forecast / forecasted
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
get got gotten
gild gilded/gilt gilded
gird girded/girt girded/girt
give gave given
go went gone
grave graved graven/graved
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
heave heaved/hove hesved/hove
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lade laded laden
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lielay lain
lielied lied
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
melt melted meited/molten
mistake mistook mistaken
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
outgrow outgrew outgrown
overcome overcame overcome
oversee oversaw overseen
pay paid paid
prove proved proved/proven
put put put
quit quitted/quit quitted/quit
read read read
rend rent rent
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
rive rived riven/rived
run ran run
saw sawed sawn/sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved/shaven
shear sheared sheared/shorn
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown/showed
shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk/shrunken
shrive shrove / shrived shriven/shrived
shut shut shut
sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slink slunk slunk
slit slit slit
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sown/sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
spin spun/span spun
spit spat/spit spat/spit
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
spread spread spread
spring sprang/sprung sprung
stand stood stood
stave staved/stove staved/stove
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen/swelled
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden/trod
upset upset upset
wake woke/waked woken/waked
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
win won won
wind wound wound
work worked/wrought worked/wrought
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written
有些词不止一个过去分词:
awake—awoken,awaked,awoke
heat—heated,het(方言)
gird—girded,girt
grave—graved,graven
learn—learned,learnt
light—lighted,lit
rive—rived,riven
shred—shredded,shred
spoil—spoiled,spoilt
过去分词单独用时往往和形容词难以区分,有些词如damned可以说已经是标准的形容词了(最高级damnedest)。区别方法之一是形容词可能用very修饰,过去分词不能。另外从发音上看,某些形容词会把-ed中e的音发出来,如learned,cursed,blessed。
被视为形容词的过去分词很多。规则动词的过去分词中,除开上面已经提到的,还有finned,frenzied,deferred,fancied,justified,lipped,jellied,fried,committed,disembodied,matted,hurried,married。
不规则的过去分词也有作为形容词的,如:swollen,blest,shrunken,hurt,shorn,said,ground,forsworn,upset,misunderstood,heartbroken,cleft。cleft也是名词。
有些形容词有过去分词的形式却没有对应的动词,除了上面已经提到的talented等词外,还有emersed,unexpected,inexperienced,unhallowed等。
形容词distraught曾经是一个不规则过去分词,但现在只作为形容词使用。
某些过去分词形式的形容词已经有不对应于动词的新义,如understated,palsied,engaged,hammered。
以-ate结尾的形容词一般来自拉丁语的过去分词结尾,这时它们就是标准的形容词了,如appellate,dilatate。这类形容词有时候也是动词,形容词和同形动词的过去分词是同义词,比如inebriated和inebriate。
有些动词的过去分词,比如altered,woven,girt,married,可以用为名词。
名词后缀-ee来自法语过去分词。restraint也如此。
某些以-ate结尾的名词来自拉丁语过去分词,比如variate。其中表示盐或酯的也是如此,比如phosphate。
过去分词作为非限定动词的一种,本身就具备一定的动词属性,但不能直接充当谓语。某些动词的过去分词也有限定动词的意思,是原词的同义词,比如gird的过去分词girt,girt作为限定动词是gird的同义词。
以-ate结尾的动词一般来自拉丁语的过去分词结尾,这时它们就是标准的限定动词了,比如desiccate,situate,sibilate。这些动词有自己的以-ated结尾的过去分词。其中某些过去分词如desiccated,situtated也可以作为形容词。有时候带-ate和不带-ate的均有,两者是同义词,如predestine和predestinate。
前面已经提到一些后缀是源于过去分词的,下面再补充一些。
sortie中也含有两个过去分词。
dory(鱼名)源于古法语dorer的阴性过去分词doree,dorer源于拉丁语deaurare的过去分词deauratus。
英语中的法语词risqué(有伤风化的)是法语risquer的过去分词。
vomit(动词/名词)来自拉丁语vomitare的过去分词vomitus。
wont(形容词/动词/名词)源于一个过去分词,这个词的过去分词wonted也是形容词。
tostada(名词)源于西班牙语tostar的过去分词。
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。
【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作。
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被动语态,表示动作)
(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。(过去分词作表语)